水市场与交易

Physical trading moves real water: bulk transfers, seasonal allocations, desalinated water sold for decades under purchase agreements in the Gulf. Paper trading moves rights to water: Australia's tradable entitlements — a market turning over more than A$1.8 billion a year — Chile's transferable rights, Spain's drought exchange centres, California's transfers and new groundwater markets. These markets are neither perfect nor uncontroversial, and serious coverage says so. Our role is the ground truth: a traded right is only as good as the aquifer beneath it. WFS verifies the physical reality behind water assets — how much, what quality, what recharge.